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'\ c(\t The Din in Head. the Input, and the Language Acquisition Device Steohen D. Krashen Universiry Southern California of (his paper phenolhenon papcr ABsrR^cr 7!'i disLtlsses a Thc carly s.cr ions oJ dcscribc rhc Din repcar ta ,tunf lunsuuEe acqun?rc, or inrolun' in lhc Head. I hcrc Prolcs{tr Lla.bcls in- Jartiliat wheutyl ||ards, lucid tat! aJ se@n.l la1Euuse saurds, sigh(lul and dcsc.iption ot hc' c\pcricncc. phruses. and CuRnt se.and lahguake aqubilion thcn add onc ofrny o$n. Thc nci sccrion bricly we ".lin' rcvicss rcccnr work in l.rng!aec thaaD. as as .ase histotr rcpans oJ the somc sccond ac- \'i1h quisition is.clc\anr final drc o4sist.41 the hlpothesb that the dn1 in Ihcorl rhar ro thc tcc- phcnomrnon !h? hedd is d ofsttrrlklttut somc hypolhcses abour thc Di. rctult of the lahsxase 1ion. acqutrtio, and \'hcn suegesrions as irs uriliry in languagc dcrtce, is set oJJ" tht !t- and sone ro qttnet rcLei?s sls,iJndnI atnouh!s.l otnpfthen r.aching and acquisiLion. Th. hyporhcscs are prucli.ul sibte ntprt. The ,t1! hdve based eDrirely oD whar can bc te.med anecdoral dih wlue; it prordnls t71a! tett us \|hen ve dlc ntput and scli:r.p(nt.d dara. Th.) may, houc\cr, be Jot.eal proccdu'.s larEuase a../uisltio ln .lestes. rcsrablc usnrg morc rigjd .xpcrimcDral ont (he wi(h repons wilh and a.c consisrcnr both and $ha( is knoen abou( lansuagc cLrrcnllj- sccond P'olcssor Llizabdh Barbcr ol Occidcrral Col lcsc .cccntly phcnomenon has dcscribcd a in hel second languagc D.soiplions ol lhc Din Fisonal acqujsition cxpcricncc l! jn(cresring. We firn Lur! ro P'oltsor Barber's descriprion, thal exl.cnrely Ir is an cxpcricncc paper many us have had in raken fronr a on lansuage acquisirion aDd of allempling ro acquirc a sccond languase in.aLUral circumnanc.s and applicd lineujsrics. Proltssor Barbcr is borh a linguist somcrimcs nr lbrmal circumsrances. I vill suee$L and an a.cheolog;r. and rhis exccrpt hcrc thar rhis cxpcriencc, rhc in rhe Head," dcscribcs hcr lanluagc acquisirion lnd languagc "Din (lip prac reccnl may bc of impo ancc borh Lhcorctically and use cipcricnc$ on a ro Europc: nay rcsuh Ircall}. Il bc a ol rh. opcralion of rh. languagc (LAD) na) ''I .ndr l!n hlLrfav.lLine in a dozcn.ountri.s, mon. acquisllion dcvice itscll, and pracricalcnds. l! D Eare,n EufoFc. Sjncc I Nas $.rknre r.tlicr than rcry hlr bc urilizcd lbr sonc Ir b. us. lor long langraSc r.uriDe, I had ro comnu.icar. in an)_ la.guagc I could abl€ 10 lcll c&rnplc, ho$ yea^agoand r0!d lesons should bc, and $hcn Lhcr a.c rfi..rirc. I hadnudicd Ru$ianrcn had n sonc \incc, bur I h.d nlvcr sD.k.. ir $u.b: I had i.ai.cd oo ern Or.ck by rravelling on! slmnicr in lhe p:ia (Ph.D.,.6;ueoi1y ballsoodr ol G,!.c!, qnh enc hcLF h.m nj_ cla!Lral St D. kmhen or cairo,nh, t-or Cr.ck, I had i.vcr rcad r rD.l had ro{ us.d r ar all Arr.ld) i! ?ro,s 6f bur linrukis ai rh. Univdlity.f Sdtndi trhich Calitomia, ls A]l8clq. in thc i .rvcnirs s.\cn(ccr )carr. Fr.nch, I had qL ^) L/|:Iv. - ANNAI,S LANGUAGE FOREIGN 42 in New Yofk knrdly invired r*clvc and hnd Lhe GoeIhc lnniluc Frcnch schoolyard ar ago Lcarned in a participatc workshot/synrposium on (udied c.rnr^n, uhich I had me 1o in a i. hifh school, and im- eere nrore wiLh several .Dc summcr by cofl.snondcnc., rcond lansuagc acqujsrion. alone nudied ftom rcad and spolen bolh nicdrlrc\ sc^iccabl.: I had Noflh Amcrican and Erropean scholar. orher wcrc dur thal lhccurakr\ I *a. $.rki.3 $nh.r Thc ro.kin8 lansua-qcs of lh! sy'nposium ''lr rurned Lhe usualFmcLicc bcinsrhar norhins bur Ru{ian Enslish and Ccdnan, lh. Hcrntascin Lenin-sr!d stokc presenr wolld thcir work and makc rhen rhc thid, I \as schola^ Thc tun day I was ronsue ri€d, bul by in own languag., assunrirg lhar g.tinealonC wcll Thar r, $c$ere franagnero codncnrs rhcir enough. would be able to undeBland. (o allothcrs and fonh and c.joy o.c rhc infonnarion ba.k set ailh !)mc lineukric I sas acurcl) lcamc ro rhe conic.cncc even rhouEh anorhefs acquainrnncc, an! extent awarc rhal I sas makinF cro6 hesnarion. I had nor Lrscd Ccrman ro -r.dnimaricaL whcn I had I0 monrhs io Vi.nna. saseirht. rhar or hopclc*ly nalllh. since 1962, spenr Bur i{ c\ert\h.re. prcscn' adl..' {ork. AnJ_ self.esp.ctlns ii.sl day rhe symposium, allrhc ..nvcFari.n and rhe On rhc of you ld() posiible ri!e in Rursian on rhc ordcr of $ith part were in Enelish onlt o1 rhe ei\cs ro casc, ralions caleSorles .l ldns ro choose from, ac.ordr.B whcn Gcrman was ustd, it gcnd.r. m.n!.n long and discussion in German. numbe., r.d animacy, nol lo I fclt to dive dad. lrc somctrhal uncomiotuble "Cer ll halc clalses and declcnsion shorr torms vou would and tosclect a iormconsciousLv, lind dan shy," not surc I u.derstand, labyrinrh vou inrorhis to in ralk thar ocnins, nor at allcager your $on mor rh€ casral you proudly \vilh hatd Rh.n su.facc was A majol (he usc Geinan. Thc nexr day diflcrcnL. n tc. nrilcsdotrn nrad thrm.lhar rhcconlc'salidr present.tion was nsdc in Gennan, lanins well your socral Eirhcr rhar, o. inrcrlocuror is sound aslc.t. It *as a topic lhar nor oDlt in- paong rlnr .ur ro bc,more lran eran o\q an hou.. on 'mp.na.r pe.sonal- mc, rhat conc€rned mc in a scicntilic conve^alion. rcrcsrcd bur one marical corrcch.$, even aho. rhc linguh( in me*asnoriciDE $ork was even cit€d scveralrimcsl Alrer a ''By iherhnddar ly. My $ofds, sounds, in a risins dn or Rusian in my head: whilc I was so ensrosed rha( I rhe \orccs "Jorsof'(bar r rhc ol ronarions, all s*iofrins !bou1 rhrascs, presenrarion I fol peolle our all was benrg madc in Cerman. rhe I ralkcd wirh. This dh blockcd lery to a largc cxten! !o a 'nv lo*ed it easily, lhanks invesely to la.euaecs to a degree olher ltoponional coDIcxr. a iamiliar exL.alinguisric Mary rimcs on thc trip, aflcr well I kne$ rhem how Fronr giren al$.r_s Piofessor Barbefs Din bcsan soon aller. icw days of a languagc, my social sig.ah Franciso Lt) in rhar lniguaSe, rcgardlen ofqhar I $as rry Nes York, I ilcrv direc(l! 10 San came our *here I conducred a E.!hsh, ol couae. anothcr Gcorhc Instirule, ar rhc monenL c\lepr ins ro lalk {eekcnd vorkihot on lansuasc reachine. On thc I had lcaned my basic and iDrc.cningly, Frsnch. planc, jcI rarll;ne rvalking horcl, I thc Din and I havealwavs 1o lh. bychild\ merhods, henchai a.hild, I When oi ir cleanlv at as Barber describcd it. switch in and our in n) b.ain. exacrly rcrained theabilityro And \hcrcas cernan was dLllicuh ro n.me.fr no(ic.. got workshop I was, fbr thc llrsl Limc in $as I ro thc s*irch 10, Spa.nh, ny mo! recenr lanSuagc, yca6, willine bul .agcr ro comnrunicalc nor onl! qilh five in German, and I charrcdinCerman rhepal so imcnse ailer "Tb. sounds in my head be.ame gcl in rhc brcaks and al loBclh.rs on rhem,like v,3'uch ricipanrs during I found nysellchcwlns day! rbat I was confident and cvenine. I noriccd thar as I the rhylhn ol my oln ioo$rets iirguisric cud, ro rhe p€rfect. qalkcd whencv.r I noticcd fairly fluem. but nol I {as nor orcrly con- and nrEeuh5. rhe iredLs my and urashancdl! askcd sould ro knos whar ccrn.d abour etror llnsqisr in ne demtnd thk din, rhe whcn somconesaid was lbr rcpcrjrion and clarificaLion l.look whar I say Hallrhc rire I had I wls slyiDs. sorndhins ldid nor undersrand. recon{rucr Fhar n mcant fion lh. ur, o. somehoR ing carlicr. lirrlc $hilc after rhe shi.h I had hcard it houa or days Din lasLcd oDly ibr a conrcxr in Thc phrases cou6c $as rehearal oi rhess of Thc connanr Neekend. AItcr a ies days back qurkly quicllyi San Francisco il easicr aDd casicr to sp.ak and makin! *ith wilh Gcf in Los Anlelcs, no conlacl poppcdour Bur I hadno hoine rhings asprslabri.arcdchunls. scar I was Gernran man, ir to olf. Soon red nrro my b.gan control ovc' shar my Nbconsciou! ro bc Ir fcd nrc $hat { considet.d ''.hcwel'each day. nemorable llurlly irom a Nrprising or {rcsful or .cadc6 Thcsc t$o anccdorcs sboutd somc whar marim.lly Fnc incidcDt nor I considered isolatcd phcnoftcni, ir my overall command ofRusian im idea oilh. Din cnough lo.clalc lo uselul. Nonerhele$, prcscnl proved Neek than n {ould hale h a rhcn otrn e\pcri.nce. I norc such dara nore in a sinsle re!ie{ some conceprs rn cur.cnr (qo reading."l aftcr a bricf of momh or ot inrensive languaS€ acquisnion Iheory Ihar will bc lecond I rdd now mr osn c\pc.ienc$, ior bccausc uscful in sraring hypotheses aboul Lhc Dnr latcr r5e) . lr laSr ,lc) bJ. o..J'f. dre r. a.. JniqJr. J|,., -1 b FEBRUARY I983 43 Serond Langurge Acquisnion very Theoryr A intercslrng hypolhess is $e Second languagc presurc rhat acquirc acquisjrion bcsl when rhcort thc ir conpl.rcty distinguishcs subconscious o|l, sben l:ngua!e a.grlsr/ron anxrdy r zero. *ben rhe acqLr;eis focus second language ly is enrtre leorrdg. Acquisition on is comnrunicalioni in shon, when 'ion the inLer hyporhcsizcd ro bc subconscious in rhe cbange sense rhar or input is so interesling that lhe while il is happcnire we are acqui.er nor usually aware ot "toreets" Lhat it is in a iti our focus second laneuaee. is clscwhcre, on rhe mcssacc rhal is We can summarize thc above by saying be'ng that sec, colrrmunicaled. l hc !csults ofacqunitioD ond languaee are acquisilion occurs whcn aho n'bconscious co6p.ehen- we cannol al\ays describc siblc inpur is delivercd in a low ouracquircd lnowlcdgc. anxjcty siruarion, bur, rarher, havc whcn a real messages "itel" ol rcaljnre.esr for corecrncss arc transmlled in a languaee wc ha\c acquired. Conscious learning is rhe rulcs." plicir "kno*ins o. cr 'l knowledee. ln evc.yday he spcech, ir is eran- Din l{tpoiheeis mar- ln my ric*. res€arch suggens I prescnl rhar acquisi, now a ccnrral hyporhcsis js phenomena, conccrn;re rion lar morc imponant rhan lcarnnre. Acquisi- lh€ Din a hypothcsis trnh rion is responsiblc consislcnr ior llucncy rhe repofls our in second as well as thc rheory dcscrjbed laneuage, *hilc lcanrine srrres above: onlr as a Nlonilor, The Dih it a rcsuh ol slitrulotior oJ the or cdrror: Ne use our corscious kno$lcdge of L rules orly makc anSudge Ac.tuisitiok Deri.e. rc corecrbns, cithcr bcfore producc or This hypothclis alicr we has rvo in corollaries:(t) rhc sccond Thc Din scl ofi by comprchensibl. is inpurj (2) put and This in- The nceds ro quanriric! thcory hyporhesizcs {c contain sisnificanr rhar acquire in only oi rhe onc say: acqunefs i + by undesranding mcssases I structures which in rhe tbe second ye! , acquirer has language yel nol acquir€d (Note rhar utilizc slruclurcs wc but is'1eady" quired. halcnol ac, probably io.. that i + Put proceed! I is difltrcnLly, ii an a set of srruclures acqujrcr and norjust This one.) along a. hypoLhesis order of acquisirion is clearly ol nrucLures: consisrenr Barbels lirh rcpoft as $cll as my osn. In both 1234......i rherc was cascs, considerablc comprehcnsiblc input. trhce i rs In his or her current sragc of delelopmen(, Ilarber's case thc input camc iiom inreraflion he or she proceed and can to in lhe next sbDcture mycase i + l rhc Din was figsc.cd good by a dose by undestanding ot input thar contains i + 1.1 We acquirc, (2) in othersords. via prcdicrs .onryrchensible Corollarr rhal thc Din will /nprl, listcning nor oc by or reading vcry peribnncrs, for meaning. We cur in ad!anccd do sin.e nor pracricing lhey witl acquire by spcakins. Speaking is receive less input containing i + l. having ac low rhought lo bc a iesult of acqujsnion, noL quired a dos! predic- producrjon of the tarset lansuase. This causc. Real langLrasc tion is sati!ficd (wo happcns only in rhe cas€s reporrcd eartier allcr lhc acquiref has as buih up comperence via well in- as in rhc followins rcpofl. Trac! Terett, pur. (Spcaking prolissor a can hclp indirecrly in rhat ir cn ot Spanish and LinsL,isrics pcoplc ar lhe couraSes youl) ro Lalk Lo Univc6it) of Calilornia ar lrvhe, is vcrr I have a ad- hypothcsized rhar lanced performcr lhe bcst inpur for ac- in Spanish, bur repons rhat quisition js hc ne€d not bc and gram, should nor be only an intcrrnediaLe in Frcnch. Prctcssor marically sequcnccd. Tcr- When rcll sas comnunicarion is in Toronro lasl and visjtcd whcn !ea. some succcstul, inpur thc isundentoodand Frcnch sup immeFion clascs. Hc rcpofled plied quantiry provid, thar he sal in variely, rn and i + I will be on about lhree hours of class onc mornjns ed aulomatically recycled quanri subsequcnrly and and in optimum expcrienccd rhe Din. Hisho(s ly fo. language acquisilion, Onrario lt rh. InslituLe for Sludics in Educarion sere Conrprehcnsible qune input is neccssary bur suryriscd n01 s!f- ro hear ficicnr. Prof.sor Tcrrclt cha(ins Ercn wirh comprehcnsible nrpur, casily in somc ac Frcnch wirh a dcpanmenl sccrerary quiref lail rnakc progfurs. upon to This is be.ause, sc his rcluh fron rhe itnmersion school. have bypothcsizcd, Tcrrcltsaid rh€ inpur docs nor rcach rho5c rhar aircr rhe 5c$ion, he was no lonscr portions Fr.nch- ol rh. brain rhar do language shy, acquisirion, and I'ke me in San Francisco, hedesired jf som€ cvcn n is undcrstood. This ln(cftrcrio! happcns *hen ac, in French. Thc casc contlrm! quirc6 corollarv are (2), overanrious or unmo(ivarcd, and sjncc Te'rcll crperienced rhe Din in rcsults prcsencc an in iD thc oi an Aibcrnc Fi[e., a termediate languaget he reports mentalblockrhal that he never ex keepsrhcnrpuloulotthcLAD.periences Din in (any the Spanish more!). It also 6\L lt :tl ANNALS T-ANCUACE FOREIGN $as her sludv C',b app.arcd, il the {as scl olfbv Lanerus. (l rhc Dnr codlarl sincc ), confirns audntinsual for lhe c!idcnc. supporrins as onry. cit.d (apc hcr patt$n drill.6wcir recorded 'npur ol preorc_rechnique o(De' scYcral nak€s hyDolhcsis The Din ano son\ e\cninl monologues' rcquir 28monrhold bul cat hnlorics silh thc consisLcnl rrcns, in ibct' rcscnble did, of rhcm rhar somc arter found will occur Thc Din cascs: lurtllur rn! (maDt did belns 'or of parleins sru aho lol oc- rehca.sal lL inpul. Nilhoul pracLicc 'ol, oDlpul ol discoursc) This o. cohercnr strcLchcs drilh afrcr rern C cur P as and inL€rp.cted a c'F phcnom€non has b.cn P/d'rre lakcs Din the casc thal lhc lo bc lL sccms a ce'_ ptoductron' ano cc thal cvide case hsrorcs rh..efore as Thc up. Lo s(arl ol ridc amount lain ol tain kind ol prcduclion (latre'n practlcc) lNo hour! lo hast one 's al il lakes rhal suggcsr acquisi' ior languaec neccssa.v or evcn Our u$lal procednrc !r language hctFful good nrpul. ress' js or hour girc la!ring an rcachine to clsrses in lh' Crib LansLrage of Lhc $ho the 1$o_hout 1{! inlerprclarion leachcf lrcllt thosc Pcrhaps Din e\ lhe is dilicrerr; il is simplv v d { phenonenon l,\ - J, r'! rr rJ|''r l'^r" rcacl likcl! Lo -r'rJ morc it much Thc child g.L no\ilrg. iernalizcd. LAD lo the ol inDUr sounds thc utrering Din, acLulll! Lo rhe wry l'wdavs rhis oll ah'ra wcar lo also se.ms Thc Djn rcporrs Cumnrns Jamcs inside hcas or \he \1.P.'..r.r.rJ\IoI ..\ '",, '" l" he imnrefion in a t_r€nch (hat a sludcnl daughler, \,rmmc' I lq'8 .urt^ r' | ' sFLl o' ll . hi5 Lo 'i\. appcars whal u(crs oticn Lwo prccram in Toronto. mtL ror Our cla$ gcneralizdlnD. Dr$ious atl€r pla!in8 alonc when x,!d d ,al \'r jr\'.(- n r' be randon Frcnch rhin!? sane bc rh. rhn Could dr. o11 rr.)rrI'11 l'h.ld nr"JL( J rchool. Dr1 r., n j ano tr de r' u Fr.1rl' -i.J, ' wcJn V nd i Lrr'' 'r u rl ' ' 't\, \a\. Lal ,c. uf. Il .l'" I L Jr''\ ro' $ rdl'\d \" a "r D:r d) nr. a-), Jr r - 'd .p .pp,L,J :. ,. . .o, P Ji d il sf c.n \r'\'rne . o Dir l' uc\' ab 1 I n( iii ,,toJ. L nL ' '. q\er i' '(lkbh rrom Locnr rr le Din I d . dll r' Il'\Il no o'prFm)' .r. ' ' "r " (o us il is bff" it mal hclp Lcll whcn t(,fl L..p , i' I i.r h r( llrJ b "on" and Lu e Lc n '. to Mondav'\ clas\ ' cllr.1ir( \n\ rcading, and I e.nerallv camc ,ld b l r uf rn- r'(uue..- sLJ rr p'' sh) , lirrle french a 'h iusr o, L d,... 1,, l^rr'r mci I rL J l,'i Lr...I rl'que\'! ruFr''' Jr,Llo bc r_ nD, I rrf!. t.. fr'Jr.r' c1 nn $l.n+cdr I u\'dt" nr'):ari.i'Pcrd -|rl q- d'' rrDur"r'J l r' + rcrr 'n \.d.r., Jf."ct,:..tr n.ib..br I J!('.,(3d. f .n , ,ol( 'u shollld r.al \eond lanluagc acqu'rtlon trirten inpLrr shv, sinc. as to h\Doth;sj\ j''d tr'l| r'er l'r'Jdj.JcqJi InJJ ll"ib.r no J | 1 .J\'r'r|hc Din r, 'n lr'r'u/\"(urld'l NOTES J:rl..rl l'nr.nle and Applied E. lJarbcr, Acq!6nion lhe LAD prclcrs 1o work on onc l. "Languag. be bccausc pp 26_31 lrrr..i,, l2(1980), In Linsuiiics," ,'lDFa proorern no nored a rimc? Barbef ar language and Enelish. firn lansuagc, hc' pornts m) o*n inro or rwirchine oftlremaln habriclsketch 'n 3 This probLcm\ onlv having Frcnch, .upoor' rn! ore 'S advanccd o\'-
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