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File: Vitamins In Animal Nutrition Pdf 134328 | C733 Item Download 2023-01-04 15-49-02
questions and answers on beef cattle nutrition chris reinhardt feedlot specialist sandy johnson livestock production northwest joel derouchey livestock production northeast dale blasi stocker production ron hale livestock production southwest ...

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                                         Questions and  
                                           Answers on 
                                      Beef Cattle Nutrition
                                             Chris Reinhardt 
                                            Feedlot Specialist
                                             Sandy Johnson 
                                        Livestock Production, Northwest
                                             Joel DeRouchey
                                         Livestock Production, Northeast
                                              Dale Blasi 
                                            Stocker Production
                                               Ron Hale 
                                        Livestock Production, Southwest
                                              Larry Hollis 
                                            Beef Veterinarian
                                             Twig Marston 
                                            Cow/Calf Production
            Kansas State University 
        Agricultural Experiment Station and 
          Cooperative Extension Service
                      Questions and Answers on Beef Cattle Nutrition                                                                                                the forage analyzed for calcium and 
                           Maintaining a profitable cattle operation is increasingly difficult. And provid-                                                         phosphorus.
                      ing a well balanced ration at a reasonable cost is increasingly complex. This pub-                                                            5. How do I use a forage crude  
                      lication provides concise answers to specific questions. Questions are divided into                                                           protein analysis?
                      six categories, making information easy to find:                                                                                                   By estimating the pounds of for-
                           •Roughages.................................................................................................  page 1                      age an animal is consuming each day, 
                           •Crude Protein and Urea......................................................................................4                           you can use the crude protein analysis 
                           •Concentrates and Grain Processing...............................................................7                                       to determine if you are meeting the 
                           •Vitamins, Minerals and Water...........................................................................8                                animal’s protein requirements. 
                           •Additives and Implants.....................................................................................10                           Example: Requirement is 1.4 pounds 
                           •Commercial Supplements...............................................................................13                                 crude protein (CP)/day We estimate 
                                                                                                                                                                    an animal consumes 15 pounds of 6 
                           The list of questions addressed in                                on the class of livestock, forage quality                              percent CP hay per day: 
                      the roughages section tells you what                                   can be very important. In general, as                                  15 x 6% = 0.9 lbs. of CP/day  
                      kinds of information you will find:                                    the percentage of roughage in the diet                                 1.4 lbs. CP required – 0.9 pounds. CP 
                      What is forage quality? How impor-                                     increases, the impact of forage quality                                from forage = 0.5 lbs./CP deficient 
                      tant is it? What are the key factors                                   also increases. Successfully harvest-                                  from animal’s protein requirement.
                      influencing forage quality; what lab                                   ing top quality forage can reduce the                                  6. How do I determine the  
                      analyses should one get on forages?                                    amount of protein supplement and                                       energy level of forages?
                      How do you use a forage crude protein                                  grain fed and reduce the amount of                                          A commercial laboratory can 
                      analysis? How do you determine the                                     forage needed to get the same animal                                   estimate the TDN or energy content 
                      energy level of forages; Should you                                    performance.                                                           (NEm, NEg) from the forage analysis 
                      make hay or silage out of forage crops?                                3. What are the key factors                                            by using the ADF level as an indicator.
                      How can corn and milo crop residue                                     influencing forage quality?
                      be used most economically? Can corn                                         Stage of growth at cutting time                                   7. Should I make hay or silage out 
                      or milo stover be made into silage?                                    and proper moisture level at harvest                                   of my forage crops?
                      Can wheat straw be used in beef                                        are key factors that influence forage                                       The decision to make hay or silage 
                      cattle rations? Should one consider                                    quality. Some forages such as alfalfa                                  is an economic and management ques-
                      ammoniating wheat straw? Can the                                       need to be cut when immature (early                                    tion. As a general rule, crops harvested 
                      producer make wheat and other small                                    bloom). Forages such as corn and                                       as silage will have 10 to 25 percent 
                      grain forages into silage? What is the                                 forage sorghum silages have more feed                                  greater feed value than the same crops 
                      status of harvesting high-moisture                                     value when cut at the dough stage of                                   cut as hay. Forage field and feed-
                      hay? Are silage additives necessary to                                 grain maturity. It is critical to harvest                              ing losses are higher with hay, while 
                      make quality silage? When a roughage                                   alfalfa hay at the proper moisture level                               storage losses often are greater with 
                      “heats,“ is there a loss of protein?                                   depending on the bale package used.                                    silage. Silage making generally is more 
                      Questions About                                                        Failure to bale at the proper moisture                                 expensive, and the crop has much 
                                                                                             can result in leaf loss if too dry or                                  less marketability than hay, however, 
                      Roughages                                                              mold growth in storage if too wet.                                     harvesting as silage reduces weather 
                      1. What is forage quality?                                                                                                                    risks. The class of livestock being fed 
                           Forage quality is a combination of                                4. What lab analyses should one                                        is also important. Growing calves can 
                      the protein level as well as the digest-                               get on forages?                                                        utilize the extra feed value in silage for 
                      ibility (energy) of a forage. A high-                                       In most cases, an analysis for 1)                                 growth compared to mature animals 
                      quality forage allows increased cattle                                 moisture, 2) crude protein, and 3) acid                                such as beef cows fed maintenance.
                      intake and digestibility, and enhanced                                 detergent fiber (ADF for estimation                                    8. How can corn and milo crop 
                      feed conversion. The best means of                                     of energy value) is sufficient to bal-                                 residue be most economically 
                      evaluating the cattle performance                                      ance diets properly. If alfalfa or any                                 utilized?
                      potential of a forage is the product of                                forage shows substantial heat damage,                                       Effective use of crop residues offers 
                      its digestibility and intake (i.e., digest-                            browning or mold, it is recommended                                    cattle producers a means of reducing 
                      ible dry matter intake).                                               to have an acid detergent fiber nitro-                                 their feed costs, especially with the 
                                                                                             gen analysis conducted as well. In                                     beef cows. The most economical way 
                      2. How important is forage                                             addition, if the forage is to be fed to                                to use crop aftermath is to graze it the 
                      quality?                                                               cattle that are physiologically chal-                                  first 50 to 60 days after grain harvest 
                           Forages can constitute 5 to 100 per-                              lenged (late gestation, early lactation,                               and then have adequate roughage 
                      cent of beef cattle rations. Depending                                 receiving diets), it maybe well to have                                stored to feed the cows during the 
                      
               mid-winter months of January and             and covering the silage to exclude air       11. Should I consider  
               February. Research shows that, in most       and minimize top spoilage. Corn and          ammoniating wheat straw?
               cases, during the initial six to eight       milo stover silages typically contain 5         Research at Kansas State and 
               week fall grazing period, gestating beef     to 7 percent crude protein and 45 to         other universities clearly shows that 
               cows can be grazed on corn and milo          55 percent TDN on a dry matter basis.        ammoniation increases straw intake 
               stalks without the need of supplemen-        The feeding value of stover produced         and digestibility 15 to 25 percent, 
               tal protein, except that salt, phospho-      under dryland conditions is generally        and doubles the protein content of 
               rus and vitamin A should be fed.             higher than that from irrigated grain        wheat straw. These nutritional changes 
                  When harvested crop residues are          production.                                  make ammoniated wheat straw com-
               fed in winter months to pregnant cows        10. Can wheat straw be used in               parable to prairie hay as a feedstuff. 
               that are within one to two months of         beef cattle rations?                         Furthermore, KSU research indicates 
               calving, additional protein and energy          Yes. Wheat straw is greatly unde-         that it can be used as the sole forage 
               should be fed. Crop residues for lactat-     rutilized as a feedstuff, particularly       with mineral and vitamin supplemen-
               ing beef cows do not supply sufficient       in beef cow rations. It can be used as       tation for beef cows before calving. 
               energy and should only serve as a            the primary forage in dry cow rations        Your county Extension agent can assist 
               small portion of the cow’s diet.             and at low levels in lactating rations.      you with the ammoniation procedure.
                  Another possible use of harvested         For example, wheat straw can make            12. Can I make wheat and other 
               corn and milo stover is in growing           up two-thirds of the ration when             small grain forages into  
               rations, especially when other forages       combined with a high-quality forage          silage?
               are scarce. Kansas State research shows      such as alfalfa hay for dry cows. It can        Extensive research at Kansas State 
               that either dry, chopped stover or           constitute as much as one-third of the       University has demonstrated that 
               stover silage can be fed as one-third of     ration with quality hay for lactating        small grain silages are excellent rough-
               the roughage along with other higher         cows. It has great potential for reduc-      ages in growing and finishing rations. 
               quality forage with acceptable calf          ing feed costs and stretching feed           Maximum yield and total feed value 
               performance. But when corn or milo           supplies in dry years.                       for beef cattle are obtained when 
               stover constituted all of the rough-            Experience by Kansas produc-              these forages are harvested in the soft 
               age portion (75 percent of the total         ers indicates that the palatability of       dough stage. At this stage of maturity, 
               ration), daily gains were only 0.75 to       wheat straw is adversely affected by         the crops usually can be direct cut or 
               1 pound, which would be unsatisfac-          weathering. Thus, it should be baled         swathed and chopped within one to 
               tory to many producers. Crop residues        as soon after wheat harvest as possible.     three hours at an optimum moisture 
               may also be used in feedlot rations          Wheat straw may also be used as a            content of 60 to 70 percent. Because 
               provided they do not exceed 5 percent        partial roughage source in growing           of the hollow stems and bulky nature 
               of the diet.                                 and finishing diets. Straw needs to be       of these chopped forages, the moisture 
               9. Can corn or milo stover be                chopped prior to inclusion in mixed          level should be at least 60 percent for 
               made into silage?                            rations, with an average particle length     adequate packing and preservation. In 
                  Grain sorghum stover is easily            of not more than 1 inch.                     some cases, it may be necessary to add 
               made into silage, particularly if it is         Optimum utilization of wheat              water, especially to the surface layer, to 
               chopped shortly after grain harvest.         straw results when used in combina-          ensure a denser pack before to cover-
               Adequate moisture content in the             tion with high-quality forage such as        ing the silage.
               stover is very important for efficient       alfalfa hay. Substitution of straw for          The energy content of cereal crops 
               ensiling. Shortly after grain harvest,       alfalfa hay should be done on a forage       cut in the soft dough stage is directly 
               milo stover will have 60 to 70 percent       neutral detergent fiber (NDF) basis,         related to the proportion of grain to 
               moisture, so it can be direct chopped        rather than on a weight or percentage        forage in the silage. Typically, wheat 
               and ensiled without the need to add          basis. In Arizona research with grow-        silage contains about 35 percent grain 
               water. When corn stover is chopped           ing and finishing steers, daily gain and     in the silage dry matter and has a 
               immediately after grain harvest, it          feed gain were optimized when wheat          feed value of about 80 percent of corn 
               will usually contain 50 to 60 percent        straw and alfalfa hay each contrib-          silage. In contrast, barley silage con-
               moisture, but that drops rapidly within      uted 50 percent of the forage NDF.           tains up to 45 percent grain and has 95 
               a few days after grain harvest. In most      Another consideration when using             to 100 percent the energy content of 
               cases, water will need to be added to        wheat straw is protein supplementa-          corn silage in growing rations.
               chopped corn stover to ensure effective      tion. Straw is very low in protein so as        Silages made from oats, rye and 
               packing and fermentation. As with all        the level of straw in the diet increases,    triticale are lower in grain content and 
               forages, successful stover silage man-       protein supplementation also must            have an energy content only about 
               agement consists of adequate moisture        increase.                                    70 percent that of corn silage. When 
               content, fine chopping, firm packing                                                      using these three crops in growing 
                                                                                                                                                
               rations, it is often advisable to harvest       order to preserve the forage dry matter         Questions About Crude 
               them in the late boot stage when the            and minimize fermentation losses.               Protein and Urea
               forage is higher in nutritional value,          The most promising silage inoculants 
               although yield will be reduced about            provide at least 100,000 live lactic acid       1. What does the term “crude 
               40 percent and the forage needs to be           producing bacteria per gram of ensiled          protein” mean?
               wilted prior to chopping. Small grain           forage, and consist of Lactobacillus and           The term crude protein includes all 
               silages are higher in crude protein             Pediococcus species, and/or Streptococcus       nitrogenous compounds in a feed. The 
               than corn or forage sorghum silages             faecium. These products produce small,          crude protein content or equivalent of 
               and usually contain 9 to 11 percent at          but significant, reductions in silage           a feed is calculated by first determin-
               the dough stage and 14 to 16 percent            dry matter losses and enhanced silage           ing its nitrogen content and then mul-
               when cut in the boot stage.                     stability at feed-out. Silage crops             tiplying the result by 6.25. On average, 
               13. What is the status of                       that are difficult to ferment, such as          the nitrogen content of natural protein 
               harvesting high-moisture hay?                   alfalfa, show the greatest response to          is approximately 16 percent  
                   Harvesting hay at moisture levels           inoculants, while corn and high grain-          (100 ÷ 16 = 6.25).
               exceeding 20 percent, compared to               containing sorghum silages show the             2. What does the term  
               normal field-cured forage containing            least. Their economic benefit depends           “digestible protein” mean?
               14 to 18 percent water, has several             on the level of response, feed value               Digestible protein indicates that 
               advantages, especially with alfalfa             of the silage, and cost of product and          portion of crude protein that is digest-
               hay. First, leaf loss is greatly reduced,       application.                                    ed and absorbed into the body.
               resulting in a higher quality, more                The ammonia-containing addi-
               nutritious feedstuff. Second, baling at         tives—Cold-Flo NPN (anhydrous                   3. How does the protein  
               higher moisture allows producers to             ammonia) and Pro-Sil (an ammonia,               digestibility of various  
               harvest earlier, with less chance of rain       molasses and mineral suspen-                    feedstuffs compare?
               damage during unpredictable weather.            sion)—are the only two corn silage                 The digestibility of protein in low 
               These advantages must be weighed                additives currently approved by FDA             quality roughages such as straw, corn 
               against the extra time, labor and               for both safety and effectiveness.              stover, cottonseed hulls and corn cobs 
               expense of hay preservative applica-            Thus, extensive university research has         is quite low. In contrast, the protein 
               tion, equipment and product to help             been conducted with these products,             digestibility of high quality forages, 
               prevent excessive molding and poten-            and both are economically beneficial            grains and oil seed meals is relatively 
               tial fire in the hay crop.                      when properly used. These additives             high. The digestible protein content of 
                                                               increase the crude protein of silage 3          some common feedstuffs is shown in 
               14. Are silage additives necessary              to 5 percentage units, reduce mold and          the following table.
               to make quality silage?                         fungus growth, decrease protein degra-
                   The basic principles for making             dation in the forage, and substantially         4. Do I need to feed a mixture of 
               quality silage are harvesting the crop          increase the lactic acid content and            protein sources to ensure that my 
               at the proper stage of maturity and             silage stability in the silo and feed           cattle are obtaining the proper 
               moisture content (60 to 70 percent),            bunk. However, apparent dry matter              balance of amino acids for maxi-
               chopping it finely, filling the silo rap-       recovery may be reduced somewhat,               mum performance?
               idly, packing it tightly, and covering          especially with overly wet silages.                For most pasture and range situa-
               the silage with black plastic. These            15. When a roughage “heats,” is                 tions, the answer is no, given the lim-
               keys to success optimize silage yield           there a loss of protein?                        ited production potential of grazing 
               and nutritional value while minimiz-               Failure to adequately exclude air            cattle and the ability of rumen bacteria 
               ing harvesting and storage losses. For          during the ensiling process, or baling          to provide a quality protein source 
               example, covering bunker silos will             hay that is too wet, will cause heat-           in sufficient supplies to meet cattle 
               dramatically reduce top spoilage by 65          damaged forage—created by fixation              needs. With growing diets where 
               to 85 percent.                                  of the protein to fiber when tempera-           calves are challenged for performance, 
                   There are a wide variety of silage          tures exceed 140 F. This heat-damaged           research shows significant increases in 
               additives and preservatives, rang-              protein is not digested by animals.             efficiency of protein utilization early 
               ing from organic acids and nutritive            Unfortunately a standard crude pro-             in the feeding period by mixing two or 
               products to bacterial and enzyme                tein analysis will not show the degree          more escape protein sources and urea 
               inoculants sold as aids to fermenta-            of heat-damaged protein present.                together. This has been attributed to 
               tion. The two most popular types are            However, forages can be analyzed                the high level of some essential amino 
               microbial and Non Protein Nitrogen              for acid detergent insoluble nitrogen           acids in rendered animal protein by-
               additives. Effective bacterial inoculants       (ADIN) to evaluate the amount of                products, particularly blood meal and 
               should stimulate lactic acid produc-            unavailable, heat-damaged protein.              feather meal.
               tion and rapidly lower silage pH in 
               
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...Questions and answers on beef cattle nutrition chris reinhardt feedlot specialist sandy johnson livestock production northwest joel derouchey northeast dale blasi stocker ron hale southwest larry hollis veterinarian twig marston cow calf kansas state university agricultural experiment station cooperative extension service the forage analyzed for calcium maintaining a profitable operation is increasingly difficult provid phosphorus ing well balanced ration at reasonable cost complex this pub how do i use crude lication provides concise to specific are divided into protein analysis six categories making information easy find by estimating pounds of roughages page age an animal consuming each day urea you can concentrates grain processing determine if meeting vitamins minerals water s requirements additives implants example requirement commercial supplements cp we estimate consumes list addressed in class quality percent hay per section tells what be very important general as x lbs kinds ...

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