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Int J Pharmacol. Clin. Sci Research Article
Pharmacist Practice of Forensic Pharmacy Services
Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, BSc. ABSTRACT
Pharm, MSc. Clin Pharm, BCPS, BCNSP, DiBA,
CDE, Critical Care Clinical Pharmacists, TPN Goal: The current study expected to demonstrate the forensic pharmacy practice in
Clinical Pharmacist, Freelancer Business the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is an analysis of a cross-sectional study. An
Planner, Content Editor, and Data Analyst, electronic survey was dispersed to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. All students
Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. were omitted from the existing study. The survey consisted of demographic data
Mawadah mohsen aqeeli, about responders and practice aspects and implementations of forensic pharmacy.
Pharm D, Ministery of Heath, Abha, SAUDI All analysis was completed using Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package of Social
ARABIA. Science (SPSS), and Survey monkey. Results: The total number of responding
Rehab Sultan Najmi, Bsc. Pharm, pharmacists was 402. Of those, 198 (49.75%) were male, while 200 (50.25%)
King Khalid University Abha, SAUDI ARABIA. were female, with statistical significance between them (p<0.001). Almost three-
Samiyah Ibrahim Qassadi, quarters of the pharmacists had bachelor’s degrees 303 (75.56%), with statistically
Pharm D, Jazan University, Jazan, SAUDI significant among all pharmaceutical degrees (p<0.001). The total average scores
ARABIA. of pharmacist feature elements of forensic pharmacy services were 2.5. The high
Correspondence: scores element was forensic pharmacy and potential drug-drug interactions (1.42). On
Dr. Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Bsc. Pharm, Msc. the contrary, the lowest score aspect of nuclear pharmacy was forensic pharmacy,
Clin pharm, BCPS, BCNSP, DiBA, CDE Critical education and training program (1.26). The average score of forensic pharmacy
Care Clinical Pharmacists, TPN Clinical practice implementation was 3.15. With high scores was the pharmacist always parts
Pharmacist, Freelancer Business Planner, in crimes medicine committee (3.74), while the lowest forensic pharmacy practice
Content Editor and Data Analyst, P.O.BOX 100, implementation scores were attendance several courses or workshops about
Riyadh 11392, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. forensic pharmacy (2.41). Conclusion: The pharmacist part elements or the practice
Phone no: +966 504417712 applications of forensic pharmacy were insufficient. The pharmacist plays an active
E-mail: yalomi@gmail.com role in the forensic pharmacy practice. Recognized forensic pharmacy with a clear
job description of pharmacy staff with the relationship with forensic medicine and
forensic strategic planning is mandatory to improve forensic pharmacy services in
Saudi Arabia.
Key words: Practice, Pharmacist, Forensic, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia
INTRODUCTION
[5]
Forensic medicine is well recognised in the undergraduate studies. Forensic science takes
[1,2] care of all criminal or unexplained death of any
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Forensic medicine
was started in the 1960s at the Ministry of Health [2]
adults or pediatrics. In comparison, the forensic
[2]
in Saudi Arabia. Each region had one forensic pharmacy debated intentional medications
Received: 14-11-2020; medicine associated with higher administration. related to morbidity and mortality counting the
Accepted: 04-02-2021; Each forensic medicine section had physicians intentional poisoning and toxic material analysis
dedicated in forensic medicine, nurses, related in the forensic laboratories. The pharmacist offers
employment. There were annual reports about many activities to forensic medicine practice.[10-13]
Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee forensic medicine published through MOH Various literature conversed the pharmacist
International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical [3,4]
Sciences. This is an open-access article distributed statistical books published annually. They and clinical pharmacist activities in the forensic
under the terms of the Creative Commons had a job description for each staff and policy services. Besides, a forensic pharmacy technician
Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits and procedures of the department. They were had been designated. Many basic activities
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and an active member of the criminal and death should be employed during forensic pharmacy
reproduction in any medium, provided the original committee. The education of forensic medicine practice. That includes but is not limited to the
work is properly cited. is delivered through 60% of the college of
This is an open access article distributed under medical universities.[1,5] Currently, Saudi heath vision and mission of forensic pharmacy, values,
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- of specialties had four years of forensic medicine objectives, annual plan of forensic pharmacy.
NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License
board.[6] Forensic medicine is delivered through Besides, also entails policy and procedures of
[1] forensic pharmacy. For any forensic medicine,
numerous countries, counting Egypt and Kuwait.
Access this article online Moreover, It includes well-developed, standardized, demand for forensic pharmacy services is to
WWW.ijpcs.net highly educated forensic medicine in the United be applied. The forensic pharmacy activities
[1,7-9] implemented were not known in Saudi Arabia
Kingdom and the United States of America.
However, a discretion survey about forensic or Gulf countries, or the rest of the world.
DOI: medicine services was not printed in Saudi Arabia The current investigation deliberated the
10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.16 or Arabia countries. The practice training forensic pharmacy activities implementation in
of forensic medicine is not typical during Saudi Arabia.
International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Vol 10, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2021 111
Alomi, et al.: Pharmacist Practice of Forensic pharmacy
METHODS of the pharmacists had bachelor’s degrees 303 errors system (1.39), and forensic pharmacy
It analyses a cross-sectional survey that (75.56%), with statistically significant among and drug quality reporting system (1.39). On
’ all pharmaceutical degrees (p<0.001). The the contrary, the lowest score facet of nuclear
deliberated pharmacists practice of forensic majority of responders worked at community pharmacy was forensic pharmacy and education
pharmacy in Saudi Arabia. It self-reported pharmacy 124 (30.85%), MOH hospitals 107 and training program (1.26), the vision of
an electronic survey of dentists, counting (26.62%), and military hospitals 76 (18.91%). forensic pharmacy (1.29), and the strategic plan
pharmacists from internship to consultant, Most pharmacists were staff pharmacists of forensic pharmacy (1.29) with statistically
pharmacist specialties, and Saudi Arabia. 284 (70.65%), and half of the responders had significant between answers (p<0.001) as
All non- pharmacist or students and non- practised three years and less 213 (53.25%) with explored in Table 3. The average score of
completed surveys will be accepted from the the majority of their practice at the community forensic pharmacy practice implementation
study. The survey comprised of respondents’ pharmacy 115 (31.86%) and outpatient was 3.15. With high scores was the pharmacist
demographic information about pharmacists pharmacy 88 (24.38%) with statistically always shares in crimes medicine committee
and practice knowledge of selected aspects significant between them (p<0.001). There is a (3.74), the clinical pharmacist had an active
for forensic pharmacy practice and
implementation. The 5-point Likert response strong positive association between Age (years) role in forensic medicine departments (3.55),
scale system was applied with closed-ended and Years of experience at pharmacy career and the pharmacist share in forensic medicine
questions. According to the previous literature Kendall’s tau_b (0.699) or Spearman’s rho committee (3.53). In contrast, the lowest
with unlimited population size, the sample (0.747) with statistically significant difference forensic pharmacy practice implementation
was planned as a cross-sectional study, the (p<0.001). On the other hand, there is a negative scores were attend several courses or workshops
confidence level 95% with z score of 1.96 and medium correlation between position and age about forensic pharmacy (2.41), and there is
margin of error 5-6.5%, population percentage or Years of experience at pharmacy career electronic forensic pharmacy (2.74). Besides,
50%, and drop-out rate 10%. As a result, with Kendall’s tau_b (-0.447) or Spearman’s there are numerous forensic pharmacy
the sample size will equal 480 to 420 with rho (-0.488) or Kendall’s tau_b (-0.460) or resources in practice (2.80) with statistically
Spearman’s rho (-0.511) respectively with significant differences between answers
[14-16]
a power of study of 80%. The response statistically significant difference (p>0.05) as (p<0.001) as explored in Table 4. The highest
rate compulsory calculated sample size to be reconnoitred in Table 1 and 2. score Forensic pharmacy (to authorities)
[16,17]
measured at least 60-70 % and above. The total average scores of pharmacist aspect currently is the responsibility was a forensic
The survey was dispersed through social elements of forensic pharmacy services were pharmacist (4.43) and forensic medicine
media of what’s applications and telegram 2.5. The high scores element was forensic doctors (3.62). In contrast, the lowest score
groups of pharmacists. The prompt message pharmacy and potential drug-drug interactions was forensic nurses (2.98), with a statistically
had been sent every 1-2 weeks. The survey (1.42), forensic pharmacy and medications noteworthy difference between them (p<0.001)
was authenticated through the revision of
expert reviewers and pilot testing. Besides,
numerous tests of reliability McDonald’s Table 1: Demographic information.
ω, Cronbach alpha, Guttmann’s λ2, and Nationality Response Count Response Percent p-value (X2)
Guttmann’s λ6 had been done with the study. Central area 72 17.91% < 0.001
’
The data analysis of the pharmacists practice
of nuclear pharmacy is finished through the North area 24 5.97%
survey monkey system. Besides, the statistical South area 252 62.69%
package of social sciences (SPSS) and Jeffery’s East area 11 2.74%
Amazing Statistics Program (JASP), Microsoft West area 43 10.70%
excel sheet version 16 with description and
frequency analysis, good of fitness analysis, Answered question 402
correlation analysis, and inferential analysis of Skipped question 0
’
factors marks pharmacists practice of nuclear Gender Response Count Response Percent
pharmacy. The STROBE (Strengthening Male 198 49.75% < 0.001
the reporting of observational studies in
epidemiology statement: guidelines for Female 200 50.25%
reporting observational studies) showed the Answered question 398
[18,19]
reporting of the current study. Skipped question 4
RESULTS Age Response Count Response Percent
The total number of responding pharmacists 24-30 269 67.08% < 0.001
was 402, with most of them coming from 31-35 73 18.20%
the south area 252 (62.69%) with statistically 36-40 28 6.98%
momentous among the regions (p<0.001). 41-45 9 2.24%
Of those, 198 (49.75%) were male, while
200 (50.25%) were female, with statistical 46-50 8 2.00%
significance between them (p<0.001). Most of > 50 14 3.49%
the responders were in age (24–30) years 269 Answered question 401
(67.08%) with statistically important between Skipped question 1
all ages level (p<0.001). Almost three-quarters
112 International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Vol 10, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2021
Alomi, et al.: Pharmacist Practice of Forensic pharmacy
Table 2: Demographic, social information. Years of experience at Response Response
Pharmacist Response Response p-value Physician career Count Percent
Qualifications Count Percent (X2) Less than one year 213 53.25% < 001
MOH Hospitals 107 26.62% 1-3 87 21.75%
Military hospitals 76 18.91% 4-6 41 10.25%
National Gaurd Hospital 11 2.74% 7-9 15 3.75%
Security forces hospitals 4 1.00% 10-12 12 3.00%
University hospital 12 2.99% >12 32 8.00%
MOH primary care Answered question 400
centers 15 3.73% Skipped question 2
Private hospitals 12 2.99% The practice area Response Response
Count Percent
Private ambulatory care Inpatient Pharmacy 46 12.74% < 001
clinics 1 0.25%
Private primary healthcare Outpatient Pharmacy 88 24.38%
center 6 1.49% Satellite Pharmacy 3 0.83%
Community pharmacy 124 30.85% Narcotics and Controlled 4 1.11%
Pharmaceutical company 15 3.73% Extemporaneous
Preparation 1 0.28%
University (Academia) 9 2.24% Clinical Pharmacy 46 12.74%
Retried 2 0.50% Inventory Control 8 2.22%
Un-employment 8 1.99% Drug Information 5 1.39%
Answered question 402 IV admixture 11 3.05%
Skipped question 0 Pharmacy informatics 1 0.28%
Academic Qualifications Response Response Hospital Pharmacy
Count Percent administration 4 1.11%
Diploma in Pharmacy 29 7.23% Forensic medicine 1 0.28%
Bachelor’s in pharmacy 303 75.56% Community pharmacy 115 31.86%
Master 47 11.72% Lecturer (Academia) 2 0.55%
Pharm D 73 18.20% Pharmaceutical company 14 3.88%
Ph. D 9 2.24% Non-specific 12 3.32%
PGY 1 6 1.50% Answered question 361
PGY 2 8 2.00% Skipped question 41
PGY 3 4 1.00%
Fellowship 1 0.25% as explored in Table 5. The independent samples Kruskal-
Other (please specify) 0 0.00% majority of responders did not Wallis test and the Bonferroni
Answered question 401 work in forensic pharmacy 369 correction for multiple tests
(92.02%), there is no statically have adjusted significant values,
Skipped question 1 significant differences between the results showed as follows.
Position Held Response Response all practice or did not practice The various factor might impact
Count Percent forensic pharmacy or answered the forensic pharmacy practice.
Director of Pharmacy 18 4.48% <0.001 by they do not distinguish and Five locations exaggerated the
Assistant Director of all aspect of forensic pharmacy forensic pharmacy practice,
Pharmacy 18 4.48% or implantation (p>0.05). The with south the lowest average
reliability test of McDonald’s ω, score (1.1714) with statically
Supervisor 32 7.96% 0.892, Cronbach alpha 0.894, significant differences
Pharmacy staff 284 70.65% Guttmann’s λ2, 0.911, and (p=0.000), while it is not
Pharmacy Intern 50 12.44% Guttmann’s λ6, 0.966. statically momentous with
Answered question 402 Factors manipulating the items forensic pharmacy practice
forensic pharmacy practice implementation (p=0.544).
Skipped question 0 (average scores). The various Thirteen levels of work
factor might impact the forensic pretentious the aspects of
continued... pharmacy practice. Using forensic pharmacy practice with
International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Vol 10, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2021 113
Alomi, et al.: Pharmacist Practice of Forensic pharmacy
Table 3: The aspects for Forensic pharmacy practice.
We do not < 25 % 25-50 % 51-75 % 76-100 % Total Weighted p-value
have any it implemented implemented implemented implemented Average
The vision of forensic <0.001
pharmacy 83.08% 334 9.20% 37 4.48% 18 2.49% 10 0.75% 3 402 1.29
Mission of Forensic <0.001
pharmacy 83.08% 334 8.21% 33 4.48% 18 3.73% 15 0.50% 2 402 1.30
The strategic plan of forensic <0.001
pharmacy 84.33% 339 7.71% 31 3.73% 15 2.99% 12 1.24% 5 402 1.29
The annual plan of forensic <0.001
pharmacy 84.58% 340 6.47% 26 3.98% 16 3.48% 14 1.49% 6 402 1.31
Policy and procedure of <0.001
forensic pharmacy 84.79% 340 6.48% 26 4.49% 18 2.49% 10 1.75% 7 401 1.30
Forensic pharmacy <0.001
competency 82.59% 332 7.96% 32 3.98% 16 2.74% 11 2.74% 11 402 1.35
Forensic pharmacy and <0.001
quality management 82.96% 331 6.77% 27 4.26% 17 4.76% 19 1.25% 5 399 1.35
Forensic pharmacy and
education and training <0.001
program 85.29% 342 6.73% 27 4.99% 20 2.49% 10 0.50% 2 401 1.26
Forensic pharmacy and <0.001
medications errors system 79.55% 319 8.98% 36 5.99% 24 3.74% 15 1.75% 7 401 1.39
Forensic pharmacy and <0.001
adverse drug reactions 81.09% 326 8.21% 33 6.47% 26 3.48% 14 0.75% 3 402 1.35
Forensic pharmacy and drug <0.001
quality reporting system 80.10% 322 8.46% 34 5.72% 23 3.73% 15 1.99% 8 402 1.39
Forensic pharmacy and
potential drug-drug <0.001
interactions 79.05% 317 7.98% 32 6.73% 27 4.74% 19 1.50% 6 401 1.42
Forensic pharmacy and <0.001
intentional poisoning 81.84% 329 8.71% 35 5.22% 21 3.23% 13 1.00% 4 402 1.33
Forensic pharmacy and <0.001
chemical weapon 81.59% 328 9.20% 37 4.48% 18 3.98% 16 0.75% 3 402 1.33
Forensic pharmacy and <0.001
research 82.84% 333 7.21% 29 4.48% 18 4.23% 17 1.24% 5 402 1.34
Answered 402
Skipped 0
statically significant differences (p=0.000). position that had significant differences. 13.4 % (p=0.018) of a negative connection
In comparison, there is not statically Finally, six levels of experience affected the and variation in the preparation of nuclear
significant with forensic pharmacy practice Forensic pharmacy practice and forensic pharmacy implementation with a statistically
implementation (p=0.060). Six levels of age pharmacy practice implementation with non- significant (p<0.05) through multiple
affected forensic pharmacy practice and statically significant differences (p=0.182) and regression model and established by Bootstrap
forensic pharmacy practice implementation (p=0.176), respectively, as explored in Table 6. model. The relationship among practice aspect
with statically significant differences (p=0.027) The relationship between the practice aspect of of Forensic pharmacy and one factor verified
and (p=0.013) respectively as generally, there is forensic pharmacy and factors location, site of by the non-existence of multicollinearity with
not any precise age for significant differences. work, age (years), pharmacist gender, years of the position held factor (VIF=3.212) almost
There are not statically significant differences experiences at pharmacy career and position nearest three or less than ten[20,21,22] as explored
in the persuading the Forensic pharmacy basic Held, established through a multiple regression in Table 7.
knowledge in gender (p=0.000). There are no model and measured the practice facet of The relationship between advanced forensic
statically significant differences in controlling Forensic pharmacy dependent variable and pharmacy practice implementation and factors
the Forensic pharmacy practice and Forensic factors were observed as an expletory variable. location, site of work, age (years), pharmacist
pharmacy practice implementation in gender A weak relationship was R (0.182) with gender, Years of experience in pharmacy career,
(p=0.282). Five levels of a position affected (p=0.041) between forensic pharmacy practice and Position Held. It was verified through a
forensic pharmacy practice and implementation and factors. All factors were non-significant multiple regression model and measured the
with statically significant differences (p=0.000) differences (p>0.05). However, there was forensic pharmacy practice implementation-
and (p=0.003), respectively. There is no exact one factor only; the position held elucidated dependent factors were regarded as the
114 International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Vol 10, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2021
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