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Mineral Exploration & Mining Akhil Kumar Dwivedi Assistant Professor MLSU, Udaipur Exploration Methods Direct exploration methods: ◦ Mapping ◦ Drilling Geochemical exploration methods: ◦ soil sampling ◦ stream sampling. Geophysical exploration techniques used for finding hydrocarbons, coal and metals: ◦ seismic reflection and refraction, ◦ gravity surveys, ◦ magnetic survey using proton magnetometer, ◦ electrical resistivity ◦ down hole logging surveys. Direct exploration methods: • There are 2 main methods: • Drilling • Mapping Drilling • Drilling in an area is often the only way of being absolutely sure what is underground. • The geochemical and geophysical methods will give a clue. • Analysing the samples and noting the depths at which rocks occur can help decide whether an ore is worth mining. Direct exploration methods 2 Mapping •If rocks are exposed at the surface then mapping them can give a clear indication of the geology not only on the surface but also underground. •You may be able to work out an underground cross section.