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subject psychology paper no and title paper no 5 personality theories module no and title module no 2 introduction to the dispositional domain gordon allport s trait approach module tag ...

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                  Subject                PSYCHOLOGY 
                  Paper No and Title     Paper No 5: Personality Theories 
                  Module No and Title    Module No 2: Introduction to the Dispositional domain, 
                                         Gordon Allport’s trait approach  
                  Module Tag             PSY_P5_M2 
                                                                                                    
                  Table of Contents  
                     1.  Learning Outcomes 
                     2.  Introduction 
                        2.1 Dispositional Domain 
                        2.2 Gordon W. Allport 
                     3.  A look into Allport’s Life 
                     4.  Allport’s approach to Personality Theory 
                        4.1 Freud’s Psychoanalysis v/s Allport’s Approach 
                        4.2 What is Personality? 
                        4.3 What is the Role of Conscious Motivation? 
                        4.4 What are the Characteristics of a Healthy Person? 
                     5.  Key Ideas in Allport’s Trait Theory to Personality   
                        5.1 Structure of Personality: Personal Dispositions 
                        5.2 Proprium 
                        5.3 Functional Autonomy 
                     6.  Assessment in Allport’s Theory 
                        6.1 Assessment Approaches 
                        6.2 Personal-Document Technique 
                     7.  Evaluative Comments 
                     8.  Summary 
                   
      PSYCHOLOGY                    Paper No 5: Personality Theories 
                                    Module No 2: Introduction to the Dispositional domain, Gordon 
                                    Allport’s trait approach  
                      
                                                                                                                                                                      
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                       1.  Learning Outcomes  
                       After studying this module, you shall be able to 
                                   Reflect on Allport’s life history. 
                                   Define the notion of personality as advanced by Allport.  
                                   Identify the cornerstones of Allport’s approach to personality and characteristics of a 
                                    healthy person. 
                                   Understand the major tenants of the Trait Theory. 
                                   Know the assessment methods in Allport’s theory 
                                   Evaluate Allport’s Trait Approach to Personality 
                        
                        
                       2. Introduction  
                       2.1 Dispositional Domain 
                       The dispositional domain or more commonly referred to as trait approach deals essentially with 
                       the manners in which individuals are different from one another. The study of traits makes up the 
                       dispositional domain. Traits are generalized action tendencies or dispositions that people possess 
                       in varying degrees. They are relatively steady over time and reliable over situations and lend 
                       coherence to a person’s behaviour. Variations in the strength and combination of traits lead to 
                       individual differences in personality.  
                       The fundamental goal of personality psychologists in the dispositional domain is to recognize the 
                       imperative traits or characteristics that can be used to summarize an individual’s personality. The 
                       focus is on developing a taxonomy or classification system that would describe the personality 
                       structure  of  an  individual.  The  dispositional  domain  is  also  heavily  concerned  with  the 
                       measurement of personality.  It  uses  quantitative  statistical  techniques  to  measure  personality 
                       traits. Influential personality tests have been developed that are often used in educational, clinical, 
                       vocational  and  other  settings.  Thus,  the  major  questions  for  psychologists  working  in  the 
                       dispositional  domain  are:  How  many  personality  traits  exist?  What  is  the  best  taxonomy  or 
                       classification system for traits? How can we best discover and measure these traits? How do traits 
                       interact with situations to produce behaviours? 
                       Although the central tenets of modern trait theory are not novel (Stelmack & Stalikas, 1991), in 
                       their  modern form, they owe a great deal to 3 founding fathers of trait psychology: Gordon 
                       Allport, Raymond Cattell and Hans Eysenck. In this module, we will be examining trait theory 
                       advanced by Gordon Allport. 
                       2.2 Gordon W. Allport 
                       Gordon W. Allport or Gordon Williard Allport was born on November 11, 1897. He dies at 
                       the  age  of  70  on  October  9,  1967.  An  American  psychologist,  was  fairly  the  foremost 
                       psychologist to bring forth personality in to focus, and is frequently known as one of the founders 
                       of personality psychology. He discarded the prevailing approaches to personality on the grounds 
                       of  their  depth  and  focus.  He  felt  that  the  psychoanalytic  approach  went  too  deep,  while  the 
                       behavioural approach could not produce much information. He highlighted the distinctiveness of 
        PSYCHOLOGY                             Paper No 5: Personality Theories 
                                               Module No 2: Introduction to the Dispositional domain, Gordon 
                                               Allport’s trait approach  
                           
                                                                                                                       
   ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 
          every  person  along  with  the  significance  of  the  present 
          circumstance, opposing to past history, as lens to looking at 
          personality. 
          Allport had a flair for attacking and largely conceiving fascinating themes like prejudice, religion, 
          rumour,  traits.  He  made  deep  and  lasting  impressions  on  his  students  like  Stanley  Milgram, 
          Jerome S. Bruner, Leo Postman,  Anthony Greenwald, M. Brewster Smith, Thomas Pettigrew 
          among others who went on to have important psychological careers.  
          3.  A look into Allport’s Life  
          Allport was the son of Nellie Edith and Dr. John Edwards Allport of Montezuma, Indiana. He 
          attended the public schools of Cleveland, Ohio. As a country doctor, his father ran a hospital at 
          his residence. Owing to insufficient hospital amenities at the time, their dwelling served as an 
          improvised hospital inhabiting the patients and the nurses. Allport and his brothers grew up in this 
          hospice environment and frequently assisted their father. Jobs like washing bottles, dealing with 
          the patients and tending office was considered to be important aspects of the early life of Allport. 
           
          Words like timid, assiduous boy, lonely were used to describe Allport’s early years. Due to a 
          birth defect, Allport had eight toes and became the subject of high-school mockery. Allport ran 
          his own printing business during teenage and alongside worked as an editor of the high school 
          newspaper. At the age of 18 he graduated from Glenville High School and came second in his 
          class in the year 1915. He was able to attend Havard University because of the scholarship. His 
          elder brother, Flod Henry Allport was pursuing his PhD at the same time from Havard University 
          in Psychology. 
          Change of climate and morals were very different in Havard that compared to his home and thus 
          moving had a great impact on his life. In the year 1919 Allport got his degree in Philosophy and 
          Economics. His interest in merging of psychology of personality and social psychology was 
          obvious in his use of his free time at Harvard in social service: visiting for the Family Society, 
          directing a boy's club in Boston, serving as a volunteer probation officer, aiding foreign students 
          and registering homes for war workers. 
           
          After that he taught in Robert College, Philosophy and Economics in Istanbul, Turkey for about a 
          year and then in the year 1920 he went back to Havard University to pursue PhD. in Psychology. 
          His first book was co –authored with his elder brother, Flyod Allport. The title of the book was 
          "Personality Traits: Their Classification and Measurement" and it was published in the year 1921. 
          In the same year Allport earned his Master’s degree. He studied for his master’s under Herbert S. 
          Langfeld. In the year 1922 he completed his PhD. under Hugo Münsterberg. 
           
          The Meeting with Freud: After returning to United States, he stayed in Vienna, Austria so as to 
          visit his brothers. He sent a letter to Sigmund Freud and was invited to visit. On entering Freud’s 
          office, Allport found Freud sitting patiently, waiting for him to elucidate the reason for coming. 
          The uncomfortable silence prolonged until a discomfited Allport uttered a story of an episode he 
          saw during the travel there. He narrated watching a little boy with an evident fear of dirt. All 
          appeared dirty to the child. He changed his seat while he was telling his mother that she should 
          not let a dirty man sir next to him. 
          The properly dresses, prim young man was considered by Freud and then he questioned, “Was 
          that little boy you?” Frued asked him this question to show him that he himself betrayed very 
    PSYCHOLOGY      Paper No 5: Personality Theories 
                    Module No 2: Introduction to the Dispositional domain, Gordon 
                    Allport’s trait approach  
              
                                                                                                                       
   ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 
          own unconscious conflicts  and  fear  in  the  narrative.  Allport 
          considered  Freud  as  a  very  neat,  orderly,  punctual,  and 
          meticulous. Freud’s question left Allport stunned and astonished. Although, for the rest of his life 
          he denied being the clean, properly dressed little boy who was in the narrative but he had a 
          profound impression all through his life from the incident.  Much later he wrote, “My single 
          encounter with Freud was traumatic” (Allport, 1967, p. 22).  
          From the incidence and experience with Freud, he stated that Psychoanalysis intensely poked the 
          unconscious.  Allport  also  stated  that  Psychology  must  pay  attention  to  motivations  that  are 
          conscious and visible. Thus, he was able to choose his path of study of psychology. Allport felt 
          that Freud’s endeavour to reduce this observed interaction to some unconscious event from his 
          personal distant childhood as dismissive of his present motivations, intentions and experience. 
          Allport, under no circumstances, denied the role of unconscious and historical variables in human 
          psychology (particularly in the immature and disordered) but his own work constantly highlighted 
          conscious motivations and current context. 
          Allport was then awarded a coveted Sheldon Traveling Fellowship which he later described as “a 
          second intellectual dawn”. He spent his first Sheldon year studying the new Gestalt School, that 
          fascinated him, in Berlin & Hamburg, Germany and the second year at Cambridge University, 
          England. 
           
          In  the  year  1924,  Allport  returned  to  Havard  Universityand  started  teaching  his  course 
          “Personality: It's Psychological and Social Aspects”. In America this was considered to be the 
          first  course  in  Personality.  Later  Allport  married  Ada  Lufkin  Gould  who  was  a  clinical 
          psychologist and they had a son, who went on to become a paediatrician. For 4 years, Allport 
          taught introductory courses on social psychology and personality Darthmouth College and then 
          returned to Havard for the rest of his life. 
          During the period of 1930 to 1967, Allport served as an influential member of the faculty at 
          Harvard University. In the late 1940s, he created a quite popular and thorough preparatory course 
          for the new Social Relations Department. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology had 
          Allport as the editor at the same time.  
          In the year 1939, Allport became the president of the American Psychological Association. Also, 
          he was selected as the president of the Eastern Psychological Association in the year 1943. By 
          1944 Allport became the president for the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues. 
          "The Individual and His Religion.", Allports third book was published in the year 1950 and in the 
          year 1954 his fourth book, "The Nature of Prejudice" was published. He also wrote another book 
          titled; "Becoming: Basic Considerations for Psychology of Personality." In the year 1955. The 
          American Psychological Foundation awarded Allport with the Gold Medal in the year 1963. In 
          the year 2964 Allport was honoured with APA’s Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award. 
          October 9, 1967 was the day when Allport took his last breath in Massachusetts and died of lung 
          cancer.  
          4. Allport’s approach to Personality Theory  
          4.1 Freud’s Psychoanalysis v/s Allport’s Approach 
          Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis was the major thrust in the theory of personality around the 
          same time but Allport disagreed:  
           1.  According to him, an emotionally healthy individual function rationally and on conscious 
             terms, who is aware of and controlled by the forces which motivate him. Allport did not 
    PSYCHOLOGY      Paper No 5: Personality Theories 
                    Module No 2: Introduction to the Dispositional domain, Gordon 
                    Allport’s trait approach  
              
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...Subject psychology paper no and title personality theories module introduction to the dispositional domain gordon allport s trait approach tag psy p m table of contents learning outcomes w a look into life theory freud psychoanalysis v what is role conscious motivation are characteristics healthy person key ideas in structure personal dispositions proprium functional autonomy assessment approaches document technique evaluative comments summary after studying this you shall be able reflect on history define notion as advanced by identify cornerstones understand major tenants know methods evaluate or more commonly referred deals essentially with manners which individuals different from one another study traits makes up generalized action tendencies that people possess varying degrees they relatively steady over time reliable situations lend coherence behaviour variations strength combination lead individual differences fundamental goal psychologists recognize imperative can used summariz...

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