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Int J Pharmacol. Clin. Sci Research Article
Pharmacist’s Knowledge of Forensic Pharmacy Services
Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, BSc. ABSTRACT
Pharm, MSc. Clin Pharm, BCPS, BCNSP, DiBA, Goal: The knowledge of forensic pharmacy is a grave issue in practice. For example,
CDE
Critical Care Clinical Pharmacists, TPN Clinical forensic pharmacy services are obligatory for crime and drug-related death
Pharmacist, Freelancer Business Planner, investigations. The current study purposes to affirm Pharmacist knowledge of forensic
Content Editor, and Data Analyst, Riyadh, pharmacy in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a qualitative examination
SAUDI ARABIA. with a cross-section design. An electronic validated and reliability survey was dispersed
Rehab Sultan Najmi, Bsc. Pharm, to all pharmacists and pharmacy interns. All students were omitted from the study. The
King Khalid University Abha, SAUDI ARABIA. questionnaire checked demographic data about the responders and pharmacist’s basic
Mawadah Mohsen Aqeeli, and advanced knowledge of forensic pharmacy and resources of forensic pharmacy.
Pharm D, Ministery of Heath, Abha, Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), Microsoft Excel, and survey monkey did
SAUDI ARABIA. all analysis. Results: The total number of responding pharmacists was 402. Of those,
Samiyah Ibrahim Qassadi, 198 (49.75%) were male, while 200 (50.25%) were female, with statistical significance
Pharm D, Jazan University, Jazan, between them (p<0.001). Almost three-quarters of the pharmacists had bachelor’s
SAUDI ARABIA. degrees 303 (75.56%), with statistically significant among all pharmaceutical degrees
(p<0.001). The total average scores of pharmacists’ knowledge of forensic pharmacy
Correspondence: services were (2.0) with high scores element was the valuation of basic knowledge of
Dr. Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Bsc. Pharm, Msc. the forensic pharmacy was the medications induced addiction (2.74). In contrast, the
Clin pharm, BCPS, BCNSP, DiBA, CDE Critical lowest scores were the job description of forensic pharmacist (1.5). The average score
Care Clinical Pharmacists, TPN Clinical Phar- advances knowledge of forensic pharmacy (1.92). The highest score knowledge was
macist, Freelancer Business Planner, Content the cardiovascular medications (3.00), while the lowest score knowledge of advanced
Editor and Data Analyst, P.O.BOX 100, Riyadh knowledge of forensic pharmacy was the resources of forensic pharmacy (1.37). The
11392, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA most resources applied for Forensic pharmacy services were internet 224 (56.71%)
Phone no: +966 504417712 and healthcare practitioners 222 (56.20%). Conclusion: The pharmacists’ knowledge
E-mail: yalomi@gmail.com of forensic pharmacy services was insufficient. Therefore, the preventing of crimes
problems and drug-related death are obligatory to improve patient outcomes. The
undergraduate and postgraduate education and training of forensic pharmacy services
in highly recommended in Saudi Arabia.
Key words: Knowledge, Pharmacist, Forensic, Pharmacy, Saudi Arabia
INTRODUCTION
Pharmaceutical care services are increasing over studies discovered the job descriptions of forensic
the past years in Saudi Arabia or the rest of the pharmacists and forensic clinical pharmacists.[13,14]
[1-5] Besides, the jobs of the forensic pharmacy
world. The pharmacist shift directing from
[6,7]
medication caring to patients cares. That technicians. They applied various activities but
Received: 10-12-2020; has imitated in patient’s clinical outcomes and not limited to drug information resources of
improve the economy of the healthcare system.[8-12] any toxic material or drug poising, the analysis
Accepted: 17-02-2021; The pharmacy plays an active role model in inside of forensic material, investigation of drug-
Saudi Arabia in numerous pharmacy services. [15-17]
related morbidity and mortality. Forensic
Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee It encompassed total parenteral nutrition, pharmacists necessity the knowledge to perform
International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical anticoagulation services, drug information their jobs to take care of new jobs of forensic
Sciences. This is an open-access article distributed [8-12]
under the terms of the Creative Commons services, and pharmacy critical care services. pharmacy. Various publications discussed
Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits However, some medical fields want the forensic pharmacy and the role of pharmacists.
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and pharmacist to share more with treating or However, the author is not conversant with any
reproduction in any medium, provided the original management teams counting nuclear medicine, studies about pharmacist’s knowledge of forensic
work is properly cited. forensic medicine, and other subspecialties of
This is an open access article distributed under paediatrics. Forensic medicine is well recognised pharmacy in Saudi Arabia or Arabic countries,
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- or the rest of the world. The objective of the
NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License in Saudi Arabia, and there is a job by the name current examination is to affirm the pharmacist’s
of the forensic pharmacist. However, most knowledge of forensic pharmacy in Saudi Arabia.
Access this article online active jobs in this field are working at poisoning
centres. Recently, the healthcare ministry METHODS
WWW.ijpcs.net composed all forensic medications active under
one department and called forensic medicine It scrutinises a cross-sectional survey that
’
services. It has entailed of forensic medicine, conversed pharmacists knowledge of forensic
DOI: poisoning center, forensic laboratories, and pharmacy in Saudi Arabia. It self-reported an
10.5530/ijpcs.2021.10.14 related issues. As a result, the pharmacist will play electronic survey of the pharmacist, counting
an active role in the new administration. Various pharmacists from internship to consultant,
92 International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Vol 10, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2021
Alomi, et al.: Pharmacist’s Knowledge of Forensic pharmacy
pharmacist specialties, and Saudi Arabia. hospitals 76 (18.91%). Most pharmacists were pharmacist gets more salary than regular
All non- pharmacist or students and non- staff pharmacists 284 (70.65%), and half of pharmacist (1.5) with statistically substantial
completed surveys will be omitted from the the responders had experienced three years between answers (p<0.001) as discovered in
study. The survey consisted of respondents’ and less 213 (53.25%) with the majority of Table 3. The average score advances knowledge
demographic information about pharmacists their practice at the community pharmacy of forensic pharmacy (1.92). In contrast, the
and basic and advanced knowledge of selected 115 (31.86%) and outpatient pharmacy 88 highest score knowledge was the cardiovascular
forensic pharmacy elements, and the resources (24.38%) with statistically substantial between medications (3.00), the medication causes
of knowledge of forensic pharmacy elements them (p<0.001). There is a strong positive malformation of foetus abortion (2.78), the
in pharmaceutical care. The 5-point Likert association between Age (years) and Years medications cause permanent disability (2.60),
response scale system was applied with closed- of experience at pharmacy career Kendall’s and know the anaesthetic medications (2.48).
ended questions. According to the previous tau_b (0.699) or Spearman’s rho (0.747) with On the contrary, the lowest score knowledge
literature with unlimited population size, the statistically significant difference (p<0.001). of advanced knowledge of forensic pharmacy
sample was calculated as a cross-sectional study, On the other hand, there is a negative medium was the resources of forensic pharmacy (1.37),
the confidence level 95% with z score of 1.96 relationship between position and age or years the clinical forensic pharmacist (1.38), and the
and margin of error 5%, population percentage of experience at pharmacy career with Kendall’s international guidelines of forensic pharmacy
50%, and drop-out rate 10%. As a result, the tau_b (-0.447) or Spearman’s rho (-0.488) (1.40), with the statistically noteworthy
sample size will equal 380-420 with a power of or Kendall’s tau_b (-0.460) or Spearman’s difference among the answers (p<0.001) as
[18-20] rho (-0.511) respectively with statistically explored in Table 4. The most resources used
study of 80%. The response rate obligatory
of calculated sample size at least 60-70% and important difference (p>0.05) as explored in for forensic pharmacy services were internet
[20,21] Table 1 and 2. 224 (56.71%), Healthcare practitioners 222
above. The survey was dispersed through (56.20%), Drug information resources 190
social media of what’s applications and telegram The total average scores of pharmacists’ (48.10%), and SFDA website 189 (47.85%),
groups of pharmacists. The reminder message knowledge of forensic pharmacy services were as explored in Table 5. The reliability test of
had been sent every 1-2 weeks. The survey was 2.0 with high scores element was the valuation McDonald’s ω, 0.978, Cronbach alpha 0.977,
authenticated through the revision of expert of basic knowledge of the forensic pharmacy Guttmann’s λ2, 0.978, and Guttmann’s λ6 0.987.
reviewers and pilot testing. Besides, numerous was the medications induced addiction (2.74),
tests of reliability McDonald’s ω, Cronbach the narcotics and controlled medications law Factors persuading the forensic pharmacy basic
alpha, Guttmann’s λ2, and Guttmann’s λ6 had (2.67), and Medication Errors or medication knowledge and forensic pharmacy assessment
been done with the study. The data analysis safety or patient safety center (2.42). In contrast, of advance knowledge.
’
of the pharmacists knowledge of forensic the lowest scores were the job description of The numerous factors might impact the
pharmacy is completed through the survey forensic pharmacist (1.5), and the forensic forensic pharmacy’s basic knowledge. Using
monkey system. Besides, the statistical package
of social sciences (SPSS), Jeffery’s Amazing
Statistics Program (JASP), and Microsoft excel Table 1: Demographic information.
sheet version 16. It encompassed a description Nationality Response Count Response Percent p-value (X2)
and frequency analysis, good of fitness analysis, Central area 72 17.91% < 0.001
correlation analysis. Beside, inferential analysis
’ North area 24 5.97%
of factors touching pharmacists knowledge of
nuclear pharmacy and radiopharmaceutical South area 252 62.69%
products and linear regression. The STROBE East area 11 2.74%
(Strengthening the reporting of observational West area 43 10.70%
studies in epidemiology statement: guidelines
for reporting observational studies) steered the Answered question 402
reporting of the existing study.[22,23] Skipped question 0
RESULTS Gender Response Count Response Percent
The total number of responding pharmacists Male 198 49.75% < 0.001
was 402, with most of them coming from Female 200 50.25%
the south area 252 (62.69%) with statistically Answered question 398
noteworthy among the regions (p<0.001). Skipped question 4
Of those, 198 (49.75%) were male, while Age Response Count Response Percent
200 (50.25%) were female, with statistical 24-30 269 67.08% < 0.001
significance between them (p<0.001). Most
of the responders were in age (24–30) years 31-35 73 18.20%
269 (67.08%) with statistically momentous 36-40 28 6.98%
between all ages level (p<0.001). Almost three- 41-45 9 2.24%
quarters of the pharmacists had bachelor’s
degrees 303 (75.56%), with statistically 46-50 8 2.00%
important among all pharmaceutical degrees > 50 14 3.49%
(p<0.001). The majority of responders worked Answered question 401
at community pharmacy 124 (30.85%), Skipped question 1
MOH hospitals 107 (26.62%), and military
International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Vol 10, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2021 93
Alomi, et al.: Pharmacist’s Knowledge of Forensic pharmacy
Table 2: Demographic, social information. Years of experience at Response Response
Pharmacist Response Response p-value Physician career Count Percent
Qualifications Count Percent (X2) Less than one year 213 53.25% < 001
MOH Hospitals 107 26.62% < 001 1-3 87 21.75%
Military hospitals 76 18.91% 4-6 41 10.25%
National Gaurd Hospital 11 2.74% 7-9 15 3.75%
Security forces hospitals 4 1.00% 10-12 12 3.00%
University hospital 12 2.99% >12 32 8.00%
MOH primary care Answered question 400
centers 15 3.73% Skipped question 2
Private hospitals 12 2.99% The practice area Response Response
Count Percent
Private ambulatory care Inpatient Pharmacy 46 12.74% < 001
clinics 1 0.25%
Private primary healthcare Outpatient Pharmacy 88 24.38%
center 6 1.49% Satellite Pharmacy 3 0.83%
Community pharmacy 124 30.85% Narcotics and Controlled 4 1.11%
Pharmaceutical company 15 3.73% Extemporaneous
Preparation 1 0.28%
University (Academia) 9 2.24% Clinical Pharmacy 46 12.74%
Retried 2 0.50% Inventory Control 8 2.22%
Un-employment 8 1.99% Drug Information 5 1.39%
Answered question 402 IV admixture 11 3.05%
Skipped question 0 Pharmacy informatics 1 0.28%
Academic Qualifications Response Response Hospital Pharmacy
Count Percent administration 4 1.11%
Diploma in Pharmacy 29 7.23% Forensic medicine 1 0.28%
Bachelor's in pharmacy 303 75.56% Community pharmacy 115 31.86%
Master 47 11.72% Lecturer (Academia) 2 0.55%
Pharm D 73 18.20% Pharmaceutical company 14 3.88%
Ph. D 9 2.24% Non-specific 12 3.32%
PGY 1 6 1.50% Answered question 361
PGY 2 8 2.00% Skipped question 41
PGY 3 4 1.00%
Fellowship 1 0.25% independent samples Kruskal- statically noteworthy differences
Other (please specify) 0 0.00% Wallis test and the Bonferroni (p=0.000). There are statically
Answered question 401 correction for multiple tests significant differences in the
have adjusted significant values, inducing the forensic pharmacy
Skipped question 1 the results showed as follows. basic knowledge in gender
Position Held Response Response Five locations exaggerated the (p=0.000), stressing male more
Count Percent knowledge, with south the basic knowledge than the female
Director of Pharmacy 18 4.48% <0.001 lowest average score (1.5671) of the average score (2.1536).
Assistant Director of with statically significant Five levels of a position affected
Pharmacy 18 4.48% differences (p=0.000). the knowledge with pharmacy
Thirteen levels of the work site intern’s lowest average score
Supervisor 32 7.96% pretentious the knowledge that (1.2701) with statically weighty
Pharmacy staff 284 70.65% community pharmacy had the differences (p=0.000). Finally,
Pharmacy Intern 50 12.44% lowest average score (1.6749) six groups of experiences
Answered question 402 with statistically significant convoluted the knowledge with
differences (p=0.000). Six groups less than one year of background
Skipped question 0 of age affected the knowledge with the lowest average score
with age (24-30 years) lowest (1.7106) with statistically
continued... average score (1.8038) with important differences (p=0.000).
94 International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Vol 10, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2021
Alomi, et al.: Pharmacist’s Knowledge of Forensic pharmacy
Table 3: Forensic pharmacy assessment of basic knowledge.
There is no 1-25% 26-50 % 51-75 % 76-100 Total Weighted p-value
Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge Average (X2)
Have you ever heard about
the concept of forensic < 001
pharmacy? 65.17% 262 16.92% 68 7.96% 32 7.46% 30 2.49% 10 402 1.65
Have you ever heard about
the concept of a forensic < 001
pharmacist job? 66.17% 266 16.92% 68 8.21% 33 5.72% 23 2.99% 12 402 1.62
In Saudi Arabia, are there
legal provisions in the
medicines act that provide < 001
for Medication Errors (MEs)
activities? 33.58% 135 30.85% 124 14.18% 57 12.69% 51 8.71% 35 402 2.32
In Saudi Arabia, is there
a Medication Errors or < 001
medication safety or patient
safety center? 28.93% 116 28.18% 113 24.44% 98 8.48% 34 9.98% 40 401 2.42
In Saudi Arabia, is there an < 001
official crime or problem? 48.13% 193 20.45% 82 11.47% 46 6.98% 28 12.97% 52 401 2.16
Do you know the severity
classification for Medication < 001
Errors (MEs)? 52.24% 210 16.92% 68 10.95% 44 8.46% 34 11.44% 46 402 2.1
Do you know the system of
medications errors sentinel < 001
events? 70.00% 280 9.75% 39 10.00% 40 5.00% 20 5.25% 21 400 1.66
Do you know the narcotics
and controlled medications < 001
law? 18.66% 75 39.05% 157 15.42% 62 10.20% 41 16.67% 67 402 2.67
Do you know the ethics used < 001
in forensic pharmacy? 66.75% 267 10.50% 42 9.25% 37 4.50% 18 9.00% 36 400 1.79
Do you know the medications < 001
induced addiction? 16.71% 67 39.15% 157 15.21% 61 10.97% 44 17.96% 72 401 2.74
Do you know the job
description of a forensic < 001
pharmacist? 75.12% 302 9.45% 38 7.71% 31 5.22% 21 2.49% 10 402 1.5
Do you know the medical < 001
discrimination system? 56.97% 229 17.41% 70 11.69% 47 7.96% 32 5.97% 24 402 1.89
In Saudi Arabia, the forensic
pharmacist get more salary < 001
than regular pharmacist 74.81% 300 12.22% 49 4.74% 19 4.49% 18 3.74% 15 401 1.5
Answered 402
Skipped 0
The numerous factor might influence the male has more knowledge than the female of the The relationship between forensic pharmacy
forensic pharmacy valuation of advanced average score (2.0449) with statically significant basic knowledge and factors location, site
knowledge. Five locations exaggerated the differences in the manipulating the Forensic of work, age (years), pharmacist gender,
knowledge, with south the lowest average score pharmacy advance knowledge (p=0.007). Five years of experience in pharmacy career,
(1.5669) with statically significant differences levels of a position affected the knowledge with and position Held. It was revealed through
(p=0.000). Thirteen levels of the work site pharmacy intern’s lowest average score (1.3431) a multiple regression model and measured
affected the knowledge that community with statically significant differences (p=0.000). the Forensic pharmacy basic knowledge
pharmacy had the lowest average score Finally, six groups of the level of experiences dependent variable, and factors were measured
(1.6923) with statistically important differences affected the knowledge with less than one year an expletory variable. There was a medium
(p=0.000). Six groups of age exaggerated the experiences had a lowest average score (1.7198) relationship R (0.451) with (p=0.000) between
knowledge with age (24-30 years) lowest Forensic pharmacy basic knowledge and
average score (1.7875) with statically significant with statically significant differences (p=0.000) factors. All factors were non-significant
differences (p=0.000). Regarding gender, the as explored in Table 6. differences (p>0.05). However, there are only
International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Vol 10, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2021 95
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