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                             MOVING TOWARDS, AGAINST AND AWAY FROM PEOPLE: THE RELATIONSHIP 
                            BETWEEN KAREN HORNEY'S INTERPERSONAL TRENDS AND THE ENNEAGRAM 
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                              by 
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                    Raymond William Nettmann 
                                                                                                                 
                                                                   submitted in accordance with the requirements for 
                                                                                                    the degree of 
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                            MASTER OF ARTS 
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                    in the subject 
                                                                                                 PSYCHOLOGY 
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                           at the 
                                                                                        University of South Africa 
                                                                                                                 
                                                                           SUPERVISOR: Prof. Vasi van Deventer 
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                       June 2013 
                                                                                                                 
                           
                   TABLE OF CONTENTS 
        
       Declaration ..................................................................................................................... v 
       Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... vi 
       Abstract ........................................................................................................................ vii 
       List of Tables .............................................................................................................. viii 
       List of Figures ............................................................................................................. viii 
       CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 
        Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 
        Statement of the problem ..................................................................................... 2 
        Research approach ............................................................................................... 4 
        Significance of the study ...................................................................................... 4 
        Scope of the study ................................................................................................ 5 
        Overview of the chapters ..................................................................................... 6 
       CHAPTER TWO: A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE ............................................... 7 
        Introduction .......................................................................................................... 7 
        The Enneagram symbol ........................................................................................ 7 
         The three laws..............................................................................................8 
        The passions ....................................................................................................... 10 
         The nine Enneagram types ........................................................................12 
        Karen Horney ..................................................................................................... 18 
         Moving against people ..............................................................................19 
         Moving toward people ...............................................................................19 
         Moving away from people .........................................................................19 
                                            i 
        
         Neurotic needs ...........................................................................................20 
        Karen Horney meets the Enneagram .................................................................. 21 
         Don Riso and Russ Hudson .......................................................................21 
         Jerome Wagner ..........................................................................................24 
        Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 31 
       CHAPTER THREE: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................... 32 
        Through the lens of Karen Horney's interpersonal trends .................................. 32 
        Measures to validate Enneagram type ................................................................ 32 
        Studies of construct validity ............................................................................... 37 
        The Enneagram explores human phenomena .................................................... 47 
        Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 55 
       CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY................................................. 56 
        Hypotheses ......................................................................................................... 56 
        Research Design ................................................................................................. 57 
        Population .......................................................................................................... 57 
        Sampling ............................................................................................................ 58 
         Sampling method .......................................................................................58 
         Sampling procedure ...................................................................................58 
         Sample bias ................................................................................................59 
        Research instrument ........................................................................................... 60 
         The Test of Object Relations (TOR) .........................................................60 
         Horney-Coolidge Tridimensional Indicator (HCTI) .................................63 
        Method of data analysis ..................................................................................... 64 
         Screening and cleaning the data. ...............................................................65 
         Preliminary assumption testing .................................................................65 
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        Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 68 
       CHAPTER FIVE: RESULTS ...................................................................................... 69 
         Sample characteristics ...............................................................................69 
        Frequencies ........................................................................................................ 70 
         TOR Frequencies .......................................................................................72 
         HCTI Frequencies .....................................................................................72 
         Independence of categories .......................................................................73 
         Gender and Enneagram type .....................................................................74 
        Convergent validity of the TOR and HCTI ........................................................ 76 
         HCTI Compliance .....................................................................................77 
         HCTI Aggressive .......................................................................................78 
         HCTI Detached ..........................................................................................78 
        The Hornevian groups and the HCTI ................................................................. 79 
        The Hornevian groups and the TOR .................................................................. 82 
         TOR Narcissism ........................................................................................83 
         TOR Separation Anxiety ...........................................................................83 
         TOR Social Isolation .................................................................................84 
         TOR Symbiotic Merging ...........................................................................84 
         TOR Egocentricity.....................................................................................85 
         TOR Fear of Engulfment ...........................................................................85 
        The nine Enneagram types and the HCTI .......................................................... 85 
         HCTI Detachment .....................................................................................87 
         HCTI Aggression.......................................................................................87 
         HCTI Compliance .....................................................................................88 
        The nine Enneagram types and the TOR ........................................................... 89 
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